دانلود کتابPractical Power Systems Protection
کلمات کلیدی : دانلود کتاب، Practical Power Systems Protection
نوشته شده توسط power در جمعه 88/6/6 و ساعت 9:13 عصر | نظرات دیگران()
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1
Need for protection
Need for protective apparatus
Basic requirements of protection
Basic components of protection
1.4 Summary3
2 Faults, types and effects 5
2.1 The development of simple distribution systems 5
2.2 Fault types and their effects 7
3 Simple calculation of short-circuit currents 11
3.1 Introduction 11
3.2 Revision of basic formulae 11
3.3 Calculation of short-circuit MVA15
3.4 Useful formulae 18
3.5 Cable information22
3.6 Copper conductors 25
4 System earthing 26
4.1 Introduction 26
4.2 Earthing devices27
4.3 Evaluation of earthing methods 30
4.4 Effect of electric shock on human beings32
5 Fuses35
5.1 Historical 35
5.2 Rewireable type5
5.3 Cartridge type36
5.4 Operating characteristics36
5.5 British standard 88:1952 37
5.6 Energy ‘let through’ 38
5.7 Application of selection of fuses 38
5.8 General ‘rules of thumb’ 39
5.9 Special types40
5.10 General40
5.11 IS-limiter 42
6 Instrument transformers .45
6.1 Purpose45
6.2 Basic theory of operation45
6.3 Voltage transformers 46
6.4 Current transformers54
6.5 Application of current transformers 65
6.6 Introducing relays
66
6.7 Inverse definite minimum time lag (IDMTL) relay
67
7 Circuit breakers.
70
7.1 Introduction
70
7.2 Protective relay–circuit breaker combination.
70
7.3 Purpose of circuit breakers (switchgear)
71
7.4 Behavior under fault conditions
7.6 Types of circuit breakers74
7.7 Comparison of breaker types81
8 Tripping batteries 83
8.1 Tripping batteries83
8.2 Construction of battery chargers88
8.3 Maintenance guide 89
8.4 Trip circuit supervision92
8.5 Reasons why breakers and contactors fail to trip.93
8.6 Capacity storage trip units .94
9 Relays.96
9.1 Introduction.96
9.2 Principle of the construction and operation of the electromechanical
IDMTL relay96
9.3 Factors influencing choice of plug settin107
9.4 The new era in protection – microprocessor vs electronic
vs traditional 107
9.5 Universal microprocessor overcurrent relay.114
9.6 Technical features of a modern microprocessor relay116
9.7 Type testing of static relays .124
9.8 The future of protection for distribution systems.125
9.9 The era of the IED .126
9.10 Substation automation.129
9.11 Communication capability .132
10 Coordination by time grading 133
10.1 Protection design parameters on medium- and
low-voltage networks 133
10.2 Sensitive earth fault protection.148
Contents vii
Low-voltage networks . 150
11.1 Introduction .150
11.2 Air circuit breaker150
11.3 Moulded case circuit breakers .151
11.4 Application and selective coordination..160
11.5 Earth leakage protection165
Mine underground distribution protection .169
12.1 General 169
12.2 Earth-leakage protection 170
12.3 Pilot wire monitor. 172
12.4 Earth fault lockout. 173
12.5 Neutral earthing resistor monitor (NERM).173
Principles of unit protection.181
13.1 Protective relay systems........................................................................... 181
13.2 Main or unit protection.............................................................................. 181
13.3 Back-up protection ................................................................................... 181
13.4 Methods of obtaining selectivity................................................................ 182
13.5 Differential protection................................................................................ 182
13.6 Transformer differential protection............................................................ 185
13.7 Switchgear differential protection.............................................................. 185
13.8 Feeder pilot-wire protection ...................................................................... 185
13.9 Time taken to clear faults ......................................................................... 186
13.10 Recommended unit protection systems.................................................... 186
13.11 Advantages of unit protection ................................................................... 186
Feeder protection cable feeders and overhead lines.............................................. 188
14.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 188
14.2 Translay ................................................................................................... 188
14.3 Solkor protection ...................................................................................... 189
14.4 Distance protection................................................................................... 192
Transformer protection........................................................................................... 207
15.1 Winding polarity........................................................................................ 207
15.2 Transformer connections.......................................................................... 207
15.3 Transformer magnetizing characteristics .................................................. 209
15.4 In-rush current .......................................................................................... 210
15.5 Neutral earthing........................................................................................ 211
15.6 On-load tap changers............................................................................... 212
15.7 Mismatch of current transformers ............................................................. 213
15.8 Types of faults.......................................................................................... 214
15.9 Differential protection................................................................................ 216
15.10 Restricted earth fault ................................................................................ 220
15.11 HV overcurrent ......................................................................................... 224
15.12 Buchholz protection.................................................................................. 226
15.13 Overloading.............................................................................................. 227
16 Switchgear (busbar) protection...............................................................................233
16.1 Importance of busbars233
16.2 Busbar protection .234
16.3 The requirements for good protection.234
16.4 Busbar protection types .234
17 Motor protection relays.244
17.1 Introduction..244
17.2 Early motor protection relays .247
17.3 Steady-state temperature rise..248
17.4 Thermal time constant .249
17.5 Motor current during start and stall conditions.249
17.6 Stalling of motors.250
17.7 Unbalanced supply voltages..251
17.8 Determination of sequence currents .253
17.9 Derating due to unbalanced currents .253
17.10 Electrical faults in stator windings earth faults phase–phase faults . 254
17.11 General.256
17.12 Typical protective settings for motors.257
18 Generator protection ..258
18.1 Introduction..258
18.2 Stator earthing and earth faults.259
18.3 Overload protection 261
18.4 Overcurrent protection..261
18.5 Overvoltage protection.261
18.6 Unbalanced loading..261
18.7 Rotor fault262
18.8 Reverse power .264
18.9 Loss of excitation.264
18.10 Loss of synchronization 264
18.11 Field suppression 264
18.12 Industrial generator protection264
Numerical relays
18.14 Parallel operation with grid266
19 Management of protection267
19.1 Management of protection267
19.2 Schedule A .267
19.3 Schedule B268
19.4 Test sheets269
نوشته شده توسط power در جمعه 88/6/6 و ساعت 9:13 عصر | نظرات دیگران()
