دانلود کتاب
TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS
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1 Basic Concepts and Simple Switching Transients 1
1.1 Switching an LR Circuit 3
1.2 Switching an LC Circuit 6
1.3 Switching an RLC Circuit 9
1.4 References for Further Reading 13
2 Transient Analysis of Three-Phase Power
Systems 15
2.1 Symmetrical Components in Three-Phase Systems 16
2.2 Sequence Components for Unbalanced Network
Impedances 17
2.3 The Sequence Networks 20
2.4 The Analysis of Unsymmetrical Three-Phase Faults 22
2.4.1 The Single Line-to-Ground Fault 22
2.4.2 The Three-Phase-to-Ground Fault 24
2.5 References for Further Reading 30
3 Travelling Waves 31
3.1 Velocity of Travelling Waves and Characteristic
Impedance 32
3.2 Energy Contents of Travelling Waves 34
3.3 Attenuation and Distortion of Electromagnetic
Waves 36
3.4 The Telegraph Equations 38
3.4.1 The Lossless Line 40
3.4.2 The Distortionless Line 42
3.5 Reflection and Refraction of Travelling Waves 42
3.6 Reflection of Travelling Waves against
Transformer- and Generator-Windings 45
3.7 The Origin of Transient Recovery Voltages 49
3.8 The Lattice Diagram 52
3.9 References for Further Reading 56
4 Circuit Breakers 57
4.1 The Switching Arc 58
4.2 Oil Circuit Breakers 63
4.3 Air-Blast Circuit Breakers 64
4.4 SF6 Circuit Breakers 64
4.5 Vacuum Circuit Breakers 66
4.6 Modelling of the Switching Arc 68
4.7 Arc–Circuit Interaction 74
4.8 References for Further Reading 80
5 Switching Transients 83
5.1 Interrupting Capacitive Currents 84
5.2 Capacitive Inrush Currents 91
5.3 Interrupting Small Inductive Currents 93
5.4 Transformer Inrush Currents 95
5.5 The Short-Line Fault 97
5.6 References for Further Reading 105
6 Power System Transient Recovery Voltages 107
6.1 Characteristics of the Transient Recovery Voltage 110
6.1.1 Short-Circuit Test Duties based on IEC
60056 (1987) 111
6.1.2 Short-Circuit Test Duties based on
ANSI/IEEE Standards 115
6.1.3 The Harmonisation between IEC and
ANSI/IEEE Standards with Respect to
Short-Circuit Test Duties 115
6.2 The Transient Recovery Voltage for Different
Types of Faults 116
6.3 References 119
7 Lightning-Induced Transients 121
7.1 The Mechanism of Lightning 122
7.2 Waveshape of the Lightning Current 124
7.3 Direct Lightning Stroke to Transmission Line
Towers 125
7.4 Direct Lightning Stroke to a Line 127
7.5 References for Further Reading 134
8 Numerical Simulation of Electrical Transients 135
8.1 The Electromagnetic Transient Program 137
8.2 The MNA Program 142
8.3 The Xtrans Program 145
8.4 The MATLAB Power System Blockset 152
8.5 References for Further Reading 156
9 Insulation Coordination, Standardisation Bodies,
and Standards 159
9.1 The International Electrotechnical
Commission – IEC 160
9.2 The American National Standards Institute – ANSI 162
9.3 The Conf´erence Internationale des Grands R´eseaux
Electriques `a Haute Tension – CIGRE´ 162
9.4 The Short-Circuit Testing Liaison – STL 163
9.5 Standards Related to High-Voltage Electrical
Power Equipment 164
9.6 References for Further Reading 168
10 Testing of Circuit Breakers 169
10.1 The High-Power Laboratory 170
10.2 The Historical Development of Circuit Breaker
Testing 172
10.3 Direct Test Circuits 174
10.4 Synthetic Test Circuits 180
10.5 Short-Line Fault Testing 186
10.6 Measuring Transient Currents and Voltages 189
10.6.1 Transducers for Current Measurements 191
10.6.2 Transducers for Voltage Measurements 196
10.7 Measurement Setup for Transient Voltage and
Current Measurements 199
10.8 References for Further Reading 203
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